Revista Infoacceso, with ISSN 2311-7605, is a Peruvian journal on Science, Social Science, and related fields. It is published quarterly in April, August, and December. Revista Infoacceso publications are in electronic format and licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution -NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.5 Peru License (CC BY-NC-SA). The Journal accepts original empirical and theoretical works in Spanish & English that are related to Science, Social Science and related fields. Submissions from the Research Articles and Original Articles sections will be peer-reviewed and reviewed by the Panel of Referees; all other submissions will undergo a technical review process by the Editorial Board.
Rationality and Its Limits in Addressing Identity and Heritage in the Thought of Zaki Naguib Mahmoud
This study offers a critical reading of Zaki Naguib Mahmoud’s intellectual project by examining the extent to which his later reflections on identity and heritage remained consistent with the rational foundations he explicitly endorsed in his earlier philosophical writings. It is based on the hypothesis that the central difficulty in his project did not emerge at the level of abstract principles but rather at the level of application, where maintaining the same degree of rational rigor proved more problematic when addressing issues of cultural belonging and civilizational identity. Employing a critical textual analysis of Mahmoud’s writings on identity, heritage, and Western civilization, the study argues that, despite moderating the strict verificationism of his positivist phase, he did not adopt explicit methodologies drawn from the contemporary human sciences. Instead, his engagement with heritage remained largely reflective rather than methodologically structured, making it closer to philosophical appraisal than to systematic analytical inquiry. Consequently, a noticeable tension emerged between Mahmoud’s commitment to rationality as a methodological ideal and its actual application in his treatment of identity and heritage.
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Algeria in Figures: A Demographic Profile and Structural Transitions
This study examines demographic change in Algeria through a set of core demographic indicators, including population growth, the rate of population increase, life expectancy, births, mortality, sex distribution, and age structure, as represented by the population pyramid. It also analyses family and social dynamics, notably age at first marriage, educational attainment, and patterns of residence. By offering a detailed account of the Algerian population, this study highlights the gradual process of demographic aging and evolving fertility trends.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
“Management Accounting Techniques for Organizational Performance Improvement”
Management accounting plays a vital role in improving organizational efficiency, decision-making, and overall business performance. It provides financial and non-financial information to managers for planning, controlling, budgeting, and evaluating business operations. In the modern competitive business environment, organizations increasingly rely on management accounting techniques to enhance productivity, reduce operational costs, optimize resource utilization, and achieve strategic objectives. various management accounting techniques and their contribution to organizational performance improvement. The study focuses on important management accounting tools such as budgeting, standard costing, variance analysis, marginal costing, cost-volume-profit analysis, balanced scorecard, activity-based costing, and performance measurement systems. These techniques assist managers in identifying inefficiencies, controlling expenditures, forecasting future performance, and making effective strategic decisions. Management accounting also supports organizational planning by providing accurate and timely information related to production, pricing, investment, and profitability.
Bullying: An Interdisciplinary Study from Islamic and Psychological Perspectives
Bullying is both an ancient and modern phenomenon: ancient in its occurrence across civilizations, yet modern in terms of its scientific study and the exploration of its causes. It has spread across nearly all social environments, including families, schools, workplaces, and online platforms. Bullying poses serious risks to individuals and societies. For individuals, it undermines psychological well‑being and social adjustment, sometimes leading to extreme outcomes such as suicidal behavior. For societies, it weakens social cohesion and contributes to family and community instability. Drawing on both Islamic teachings and psychological research, this study explores the causes of bullying and proposes treatment strategies. From the Islamic perspective, bullying is prohibited as a form of harm and injustice, with remedies rooted in moral education, family guidance, and community responsibility (Jaafer, 2023; SeekersPath, 2024). From the psychological perspective, bullying is explained through individual traits, family dynamics, and social reinforcement, with interventions focusing on school programs, counseling, and policy measures (Olweus, 1994; Smith, 2004; Volk, Veenstra, & Espelage, 2014). This interdisciplinary approach highlights the need for integrated solutions that combine moral, spiritual, and scientific insights to address one of the most pressing challenges to mental health and social stability worldwide.
“Auditing Standards and Their Role in Financial Transparency”
Auditing standards play a crucial role in ensuring the accuracy, reliability, and transparency of financial information presented by organizations. In the modern business environment, stakeholders such as investors, creditors, regulators, and the public rely heavily on audited financial statements for decision-making and maintaining confidence in corporate governance. Auditing standards provide professional guidelines and principles that auditors must follow while examining financial records and reporting audit findings. the significance of auditing standards and their role in promoting financial transparency and accountability in business organizations. The concept, objectives, and evolution of auditing standards at both national and international levels. the role of standards issued by professional bodies such as the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board and the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India in maintaining consistency and quality in audit practices. Auditing standards establish procedures related to audit planning, evidence collection, risk assessment, internal control evaluation, and preparation of audit reports, thereby improving the reliability of financial statements.
A Bibliometric Analysis of Digital Marketing Research in the Scopus Database (2016–2026)
The study aims to analyze the scientific literature on the topic of digital marketing using biometric analysis. This was during the period 2016-2026, when papers in the Scopus database were examined. 11,919 research papers were collected and 2,340 published articles were selected for analysis on the topic of digital marketing using the VOSviewer program for co-citation, co-presence and co-authorship. We found a development in publishing, as we noticed an increase in publishing during the period studied, as the United States of America led in publishing, and the specialization of business, management and accounting was in first place in terms of published scientific papers. The keyword digital marketing also topped the highest correlation strength, and Hong Kong University topped the list as the best active research institution on the subject.
“Sustainability Accounting and Environmental Reporting in Modern Businesses”
Sustainability accounting and environmental reporting have become increasingly important in modern business organizations due to growing concerns about environmental protection, social responsibility, and sustainable economic development. In the contemporary corporate environment, businesses are not only expected to achieve financial profitability but also to minimize environmental impact and contribute positively to society. Sustainability accounting provides a framework for measuring, analyzing, and reporting environmental, social, and economic performance, while environmental reporting ensures transparency regarding an organization’s environmental activities and sustainability initiatives. the role of sustainability accounting and environmental reporting in modern businesses and their contribution to responsible corporate governance and sustainable development. The concept, objectives, and significance of sustainability accounting in evaluating organizational environmental performance. how businesses use sustainability accounting practices to measure resource consumption, carbon emissions, waste management, energy efficiency, and environmental costs. Environmental reporting enables organizations to disclose sustainability-related information to stakeholders, including investors, customers, regulators, and the general public, thereby improving corporate transparency and accountability.
Building an Organisational Vigilance Culture: International Examples and Their Applicability to the Algerian Context
Organisational vigilance—the enduring, institutionalized ability of a collective to identify, analyze, and address emerging dangers prior to their escalation into crises—has emerged as a primary focus of modern management research. This essay analyzes the construction and maintenance of vigilance cultures in Singapore, France, Japan, and the United States, utilizing High-Reliability Organisation (HRO) theories, sensemaking frameworks, and institutional views. It subsequently inquires, with critical honesty rather than superficial prescription, the extent to which this worldwide experience is transferable to Algeria. The Algerian institutional framework, marked by an extensive public sector, a centralized administrative culture, a burgeoning private economy, and a geopolitical context that imposes significant security requirements on organisations, engenders both unique needs and specific limits. The analysis indicates that establishing a vigilance culture in Algeria necessitates a systematic method that commences with leadership commitment, progresses through the development of middle-management capabilities, and is finally integrated into regular professional practices rather than isolated training sessions. The article finishes with a research and policy agenda tailored to the Algerian environment.
“Cloud Accounting and Its Influence on Small and Medium Enterprises”
Cloud accounting has emerged as a significant technological advancement in the field of financial management and business accounting. With the rapid growth of digital technologies and internet-based services, businesses are increasingly shifting from traditional accounting systems to cloud-based accounting platforms. Cloud accounting refers to the use of online accounting software and cloud computing technology to store, process, and manage financial information through internet-connected systems. the concept of cloud accounting and analyzes its influence on Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in terms of operational efficiency, cost management, accessibility, and business performance. cloud accounting provides several advantages to SMEs by offering real-time access to financial data, automated accounting functions, secure data storage, and improved collaboration among business stakeholders. Unlike traditional accounting systems that require expensive infrastructure and manual maintenance, cloud accounting systems operate on subscription-based models that are more affordable and flexible for small businesses. Features such as online invoicing, payroll management, financial reporting, inventory tracking, and tax management have significantly improved the efficiency and accuracy of accounting operations in SMEs.
The Reality of Children’s Immunization under Five years of Age in Algeria: An Analytical Study on the Light of Algeria’s MICS 2019 Data
This article examines the current state of vaccination among children under five in Algeria through an in-depth analysis of data from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS6), conducted in Algeria during 2018–2019 under the supervision of the Ministry of Health, Population, and Hospital Reform, in collaboration with UNICEF. The article examined vaccination coverage rates for the various vaccines included in the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) and highlighted the disparities observed across geographic regions and socioeconomic levels. The results revealed that coverage for the tuberculosis vaccine (BCG) reached 97.7% in the 12–23-month age group, while the rate of full vaccination dropped to only 61.0% in the 24–31-month age group according to the new national schedule, with significant gaps favoring the northeastern region compared to the central highlands and the south. These findings underscore the need to strengthen vaccination interventions in vulnerable areas and among families with low educational levels.
“Accounting Information Systems and Cybersecurity Challenges”
Accounting Information Systems (AIS) have become an essential component of modern business organizations by facilitating the collection, processing, storage, and reporting of financial information through computerized systems. The integration of digital technologies, cloud computing, enterprise resource planning systems, and online financial platforms has significantly improved the speed, efficiency, and accuracy of accounting operations. However, the increasing dependence on digital accounting systems has also exposed organizations to various cybersecurity challenges and risks related to data protection, cybercrime, and unauthorized access to sensitive financial information. the concept of Accounting Information Systems and analyzes the cybersecurity challenges associated with modern digital accounting environments. The role of AIS in managing financial transactions, preparing financial reports, supporting decision-making, and improving organizational efficiency. It highlights how computerized accounting systems enhance automation, reduce human error, and improve transparency in financial management. At the same time, the paper discusses the growing threats of cyberattacks such as hacking, phishing, ransomware, malware, identity theft, and financial data breaches that can negatively affect organizational operations and financial security.
Pour un enseignement-apprentissage au diapason des mutations sociétales et technologiques. L’image comme médiateur et vecteur des acquis symboliques
At a time when images seem to constitute one of the dominant frameworks through which individuals perceive and interpret reality, we argue that teaching practices must make effective use of the unprecedented communicative abundance available to contemporary educational actors by engaging in the rigorous pedagogical exploitation of authentic documents circulating within the digital ecosystem. Indeed, in order to respond to the linguistic and ethical needs of a new type of language user—one who seeks not only mastery of grammatical rules, but also the development of language proficiency as a means of communication, action, and socialization in real-life contexts—it is essential to draw on contemporary pedagogical materials that foreground semiotic systems in which learners may identify themselves and negotiate meaning. Furthermore, in the digital age, marked by the pervasive influence of images on language-related activities, it would be inappropriate, in our view, to design learning objectives or instructional tools without taking into account the language of images, its evolution, and the technological transformations that have shaped it. Reading today entails the interpretation of both verbal and visual texts; hence the importance of mobilizing sociological, psychological, linguistic, communicative, and intercultural competences on the part of both teachers and learners in order to access the global meaning of authentic documents. Moreover, this architecture of meaning, oriented toward the construction of plausible understanding, necessarily emerges from the complex articulation of these simultaneous sources of information, since meaning is no longer organized solely in a linear manner, but increasingly in a spatial one.
“Green Accounting Practices in Sustainable Development”
Green accounting has emerged as an important approach in modern financial and environmental management due to increasing concerns regarding environmental degradation, climate change, pollution, and depletion of natural resources. Traditional accounting systems mainly focus on financial transactions and profitability, often ignoring the environmental costs associated with business activities. Green accounting, also known as environmental accounting, integrates environmental and economic information to measure the impact of organizational operations on the environment and support sustainable development. This research paper examines green accounting practices and their role in promoting sustainable development in modern economies and business organizations. The concept, objectives, and significance of green accounting in measuring environmental costs, resource utilization, pollution control, and ecological sustainability. Green accounting enables organizations and governments to identify environmental expenses related to waste management, carbon emissions, energy consumption, and natural resource depletion. By incorporating environmental factors into accounting systems, businesses can improve transparency, environmental responsibility, and long-term financial planning.
Regional Economic Growth Mechanisms: Multipliers, Productivity, Competitiveness, and Their Effects on Territorial Disparities: A Theoretical and Applied Analysis
Regional economic growth remains a central challenge in contemporary economic policy, particularly within the context of European integration and globalization. This article examines the fundamental mechanisms driving regional economic growth—including economic multipliers, productivity dynamics, and competitiveness factors—and analyzes their complex effects on territorial disparities through both theoretical frameworks and empirical evidence. Drawing on recent theoretical advances and comprehensive empirical studies from European regions, this research demonstrates that regional growth emerges from competitive, endogenous, and cumulative processes shaped by local resource endowments, agglomeration economies, and spatial spillovers. The analysis reveals a persistent tension between policies promoting aggregate economic growth and those aimed at reducing spatial inequalities. Specifically, the paper presents detailed empirical evidence from Italian regions showing that multiplier effects vary significantly based on regional capacity constraints, with values ranging from 0.4 to 2.5 depending on the expenditure type and regional context. Furthermore, an analysis of European convergence patterns indicates a "two-speed" dynamic where macro-level convergence coexists with regional divergence. The paper concludes by proposing evidence-based policy frameworks centered on innovation support and territorial capital development, arguing that place-based policies guided by rigorous territorial impact assessments are essential for addressing the persistent North-South divides and core-periphery disparities observed across the continent.
Green Chemistry Approaches for Sustainable Industrial Processes
Green chemistry approaches have emerged as essential strategies for achieving sustainable industrial processes by minimizing environmental impact while maintaining economic efficiency. These approaches focus on the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances. With increasing concerns over pollution, resource depletion, and climate change, the integration of green chemistry principles into industrial practices has become a global priority. key green chemistry approaches, including the use of renewable feedstocks, energy-efficient reaction conditions, eco-friendly solvents, and catalytic processes. Emphasis is placed on atom economy, waste prevention, and the development of safer chemical syntheses. The application of biocatalysis, heterogeneous catalysis, and nanocatalysts is also examined as a means to enhance reaction efficiency and selectivity while reducing environmental burden. Advanced technologies such as process intensification, continuous flow systems, and green solvents like ionic liquids and supercritical fluids are discussed for their role in improving sustainability. Additionally, the importance of life cycle assessment (LCA) and green metrics in evaluating the environmental performance of industrial processes is highlighted.
The role of the Jews in revitalizing trade in the central Maghreb between (7-9 AH/ 13-15 AD)
This research examines the economic role of Jews in central Maghreb during the Zayyanid rule, a period that saw the growth of Jewish influence within Zayyanid society and in the corridors of power. Economics, finance, and trade were areas in which Jews excelled and through which they extended their influence until they became powerful in central Maghreb in general and in Tlemcen, the capital of the Zayyanids, in particular. Their influence even extended to southern central Maghreb, specifically the region of Tuat, where they established what resembled commercial garrisons. The importance of this research lies in several points, most notably the emergence of Jews as an influential group in society and the highlighting of their economic role, in addition to the influence they attained during the specified period. As for the problem, it revolves around the extent of Jewish penetration into central Maghreb society and their economic role.
Thermodynamic Analysis of Reaction Equilibria in Complex Chemical Systems
Thermodynamic analysis of reaction equilibria plays a central role in understanding the behavior of complex chemical systems, particularly those involving multiple simultaneous reactions, non-ideal phases, and varying environmental conditions. This study examines the application of classical thermodynamic principles, including Gibbs free energy minimization, equilibrium constant evaluation, and activity-based approaches, to predict equilibrium compositions in such systems. Emphasis is placed on the influence of temperature, pressure, and composition on reaction feasibility and extent. The analysis incorporates both ideal and non-ideal models, utilizing activity coefficients and fugacity corrections to account for deviations from ideality in real systems. Advanced computational methods are also considered to solve multi-component, multi-reaction equilibria efficiently. Case-based evaluations highlight the significance of coupling thermodynamic constraints with material balance equations to achieve accurate predictions. thermodynamic frameworks provide a robust basis for analyzing equilibrium behavior, even in highly complex systems, enabling improved design and optimization of chemical processes. The study further underscores the importance of integrating thermodynamic data with modern modeling techniques to address challenges in industrial applications such as catalysis, energy systems, and environmental engineering.
Counseling Intervention Methods for Children’s Aggressive Behavior
Individuals are social by nature and cannot live in isolation from the group to which they belong. This belonging obliges them to follow certain obligations that cannot be crossed, whether they are adults or children. If an individual exceeds those obligations, they may be rejected, and their behavior may be described as maladaptive, deviant, or undesirable. Aggressive behaviour is considered one of those maladaptive behaviors that caught the attention of many studies from different fields and specializations. Many research and studies were conducted and covered various fields, whether familial, academic, professional, or social, starting from childhood to adulthood. There are many factors that intervene in the spread of this phenomenon, whether psychological, familial, academic, or financial. Many instructive, curative, and preventive methods were adopted, especially in the familial or school environment, to reduce it and prevent it from triggering relational, psychological, or physical disorders, specifically in children, while helping them to adopt healthy and socially approved behaviors.
Kinetics of Catalyzed Reactions: Mechanisms and Rate Enhancement
The kinetics of catalyzed reactions plays a vital role in understanding how chemical processes can be accelerated without altering the overall thermodynamic equilibrium. Catalysts function by providing alternative reaction pathways with lower activation energy, thereby increasing reaction rates while remaining chemically unchanged at the end of the process. This study focuses on the fundamental mechanisms of catalysis and the factors influencing rate enhancement in both homogeneous and heterogeneous systems. The analysis explores various catalytic mechanisms, including adsorption, surface reactions, and desorption steps in heterogeneous catalysis, as well as intermediate complex formation in homogeneous catalysis. Special attention is given to widely studied models such as the Langmuir–Hinshelwood and Eley–Rideal mechanisms, which describe interactions between reactants and catalyst surfaces. The role of active sites, catalyst structure, and surface area in determining reaction rates is also examined. Kinetic parameters such as rate constants, reaction order, and activation energy are evaluated to understand the efficiency of catalytic systems. The Arrhenius equation is utilized to explain the temperature dependence of reaction rates and the reduction of activation energy in the presence of catalysts. Additionally, the influence of mass transfer limitations, diffusion effects, and catalyst deactivation on overall reaction kinetics is discussed.
Driving Renewable Energy for Sustainable Development: Insights from Germany’s Energy Transformation
This study analyzes the impact of renewable energy on sustainable development using Germany’s energy transition (Energiewende) as a case study. Adopting a descriptive-analytical approach, the research evaluates economic, environmental, and social outcomes. The findings show that renewable energy expansion contributed to emissions reduction, energy security, and green job creation, despite challenges related to policy complexity and infrastructure. The study concludes that effective policy design and integrated strategies are essential for achieving sustainable development, offering transferable lessons for other countries.
Green Synthesis of Organic Compounds Using Eco-friendly Catalysts
Green synthesis of organic compounds has emerged as a sustainable approach to chemical production, aiming to minimize environmental impact while maintaining efficiency and economic viability. This study focuses on the use of eco-friendly catalysts in organic synthesis, highlighting their role in reducing hazardous waste, energy consumption, and the use of toxic reagents. By integrating the principles of green chemistry, catalytic processes are designed to enhance reaction selectivity, yield, and safety. Eco-friendly catalysts, including biocatalysts, heterogeneous solid catalysts, and metal-free catalytic systems, provide cleaner alternatives to conventional catalysts. These systems often operate under mild reaction conditions, such as lower temperatures and pressures, thereby reducing energy requirements. Additionally, many green catalysts are recyclable and biodegradable, contributing to the sustainability of chemical processes. various reaction pathways and mechanisms that enable efficient synthesis of organic compounds, including oxidation, reduction, and coupling reactions. Special emphasis is placed on solvent-free reactions, aqueous-phase chemistry, and the use of renewable feedstocks. The performance of eco-friendly catalysts is evaluated in terms of activity, selectivity, stability, and reusability.
The Effectiveness of a Counseling Plan in Developing Motivation to Learn among Primary School Pupils: A Field Study in Some Primary Schools in the City of Batna
The current study aimed to reveal the effectiveness of a counseling plan for developing motivation to learn among primary school pupils. The study included a sample of (10) male and female pupils from the fifth year of primary school, who were selected intentionally. The study relied on the quasi-experimental one-group approach. The study tools consisted of: the counseling plan designed by the researcher, and the motivation-to-learn scale prepared by Youssef Qatami. The statistical treatment of the study hypotheses was carried out using the statistical analysis program SPSS v20. The study reached the following results: there is an effective impact of the counseling plan in developing motivation to learn, as the results indicated the presence of statistically significant differences after exposure to the plan between the pre-measurement scores and the post-measurement scores among the members of the counseling group, in favor of the post-measurement scores, with no statistically significant differences between the post-measurement scores and the follow-up measurement scores, which confirms the effectiveness of the counseling plan.
Structure–Reactivity Relationships in Organic Reaction Mechanisms
Structure–reactivity relationships form a fundamental aspect of organic chemistry, providing insight into how the molecular structure of compounds influences their chemical behavior and reaction mechanisms. This study examines the interplay between electronic, steric, and stereochemical factors in determining the reactivity patterns of organic molecules. By analyzing how substituents, functional groups, and molecular geometry affect reaction pathways, a deeper understanding of reaction rates, selectivity, and product distribution is achieved. The discussion emphasizes key concepts such as inductive and resonance effects, hyperconjugation, and steric hindrance, which govern the stability of intermediates like carbocations, carbanions, and free radicals. These factors play a crucial role in common organic reaction mechanisms, including substitution, elimination, and addition reactions. The influence of solvent effects and reaction conditions on structure–reactivity relationships is also considered. Quantitative approaches, such as linear free energy relationships (LFER) and Hammett correlations, are explored to establish mathematical connections between molecular structure and reactivity. These tools provide predictive capabilities for evaluating reaction outcomes and designing efficient synthetic routes.
Social Intelligence and Its Role in Improving Students’ Interaction in Physical Education Classes
This study aims to explore the role of social intelligence in improving students’ social interaction during physical education classes. Social intelligence is considered a central concept in educational psychology, as it refers to an individual’s ability to understand others and interact with them effectively. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical method, using a questionnaire administered to a random sample of 100 middle school students. The results revealed a statistically significant positive relationship between the level of social intelligence and the level of social interaction during group sports activities. The findings also showed that sports activities effectively contribute to developing students’ cooperation and communication skills. The study concludes with a recommendation to systematically integrate group sports activities to enhance learners’ social skills.
Synthesis and Characterization of Metal Complexes with Biological Activity
The synthesis and characterization of metal complexes with biological activity have attracted significant attention due to their potential applications in medicinal chemistry, pharmacology, and bioinorganic research. Metal complexes exhibit unique chemical and biological properties arising from the coordination of metal ions with organic ligands, leading to enhanced stability, reactivity, and functional diversity. This study focuses on the design, synthesis, and detailed characterization of biologically active metal complexes and their potential therapeutic applications. Various synthetic approaches are employed to prepare metal complexes using transition metals such as copper, zinc, nickel, and cobalt, coordinated with bioactive ligands including Schiff bases, amino acids, and heterocyclic compounds. The characterization of these complexes is carried out using advanced analytical and spectroscopic techniques such as UV–Visible spectroscopy, infrared (IR) spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), mass spectrometry, and X-ray crystallography to determine their structural and electronic properties. The biological activity of the synthesized complexes is evaluated through antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer studies. The results indicate that metal coordination often enhances the biological efficacy of ligands by improving their solubility, stability, and ability to interact with biological targets such as enzymes and DNA. Structure–activity relationships are also explored to understand how variations in metal ions and ligand structures influence biological performance.
The Importance of Expression in Teaching English at the Primary level
While primary English instruction has traditionally emphasised vocabulary acquisition, phonics, and basic grammar, a growing body of pedagogical research highlights the crucial role of expression—both oral (intonation, tone, emotion) and artistic (gesture, facial expression, dramatisation)—as a foundational component of language development. This article argues that integrating expressive techniques into early English teaching significantly enhances comprehension, retention, and communicative competence. Young learners are not miniature adults; their cognitive development is deeply rooted in sensory and emotional experiences. When teachers use varied intonation, volume, and pitch while reading stories or giving instructions, they transform flat linguistic input into meaningful, memorable units. This vocal expressiveness helps children grasp pragmatic nuances—distinguishing a question from an exclamation, or a happy from a sad statement—long before they understand formal grammatical rules reading fluency and later reading comprehension. Expression in primary English extends beyond the voice. The strategic use of facial expressions and body language by teachers provides contextual clues that reduce cognitive load for beginners. For instance, acting out verbs like “jump” or “cry” immediately conveys meaning without translation. More importantly, allowing students to express themselves through drawing, role-play, and simple drama activities lowers the affective filter—the emotional barrier to language acquisition. In a playful, expressive environment, children are less afraid of making errors and more willing to experiment with new language forms. This is particularly vital in mixed-ability classrooms where written accuracy may vary widely.
Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Water and Soil Systems
The assessment of heavy metal contamination in water and soil systems is a critical environmental concern due to its adverse effects on ecosystems and human health. Heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, mercury, arsenic, and chromium are persistent, non-biodegradable, and capable of accumulating in living organisms, leading to toxic consequences through bioaccumulation and biomagnification. This study focuses on evaluating the levels, distribution, and sources of heavy metal contamination in aquatic and terrestrial environments. Various sampling and analytical techniques are employed to determine the concentration of heavy metals in water and soil, including atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The results are compared with established environmental standards to assess the degree of contamination and potential ecological risks. The sources of heavy metals, including industrial discharge, agricultural runoff, mining activities, and urban waste. Special attention is given to the interaction of heavy metals with soil components and their mobility in water systems, which influence their availability and toxicity. Risk assessment indices such as contamination factor, pollution load index, and ecological risk index are used to evaluate environmental impact.
Levels of Bullying among Schoolchildren: A Field Study at Beni Saf Middle School – Ain Temouchent –
This study aims to identify the levels of bullying among schoolchildren. It is a field study conducted on a sample at Beni Saf Middle School – Ain Temouchent – by applying the Bullying Behavior Scale for Children and Adolescents by “Magdy El-Desouky” (2016), which consists of (40) items distributed across four (4) dimensions. It was applied to a sample of 90 pupils, following the descriptive analytical method. This study resulted in a low level among school pupils. Finally, a set of scientific and practical suggestions and recommendations was included.
Development of Advanced Techniques for Trace Element Detection
The development of advanced techniques for trace element detection has become increasingly important in fields such as environmental monitoring, biomedical analysis, food safety, and industrial quality control. Trace elements, often present at very low concentrations, can have significant impacts on human health and ecosystems, necessitating highly sensitive, accurate, and reliable analytical methods for their detection and quantification. modern analytical techniques used for trace element detection, including atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). These techniques offer enhanced sensitivity, selectivity, and multi-element detection capabilities, allowing for precise analysis even at trace and ultra-trace levels. Recent advancements such as nanotechnology-based sensors, biosensors, and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) are also discussed, highlighting their rapid detection capabilities, portability, and minimal sample preparation requirements. The integration of automation, miniaturization, and data analysis tools has further improved the efficiency and accuracy of trace element analysis.
Socialization Institutions and Their Role in Instilling the Values of Citizenship
The issue of citizenship has become one of the most prominent issues, whether as a concept or as a practice, and it has become one of the most vital and exciting topics. It is witnessing increasing interest from many institutions, both official and otherwise, all of which have come to play a major role in instilling and strengthening the values of citizenship. In the past, the family was considered one of the main sources of this instilling. The family, as the basic nucleus in shaping society, is followed by the school, which is the official institution that formulates the values and orientations of the state and society in the minds of young people. It works side by side with the rest of the other educational and social institutions, such as the mosque and the media, to achieve this. In modern civil society, citizenship education has become one of the foundations of building society. Based on these data, this paper seeks to shed light on the family and the other institutions of socialization and their role in instilling the values of citizenship among Algerian youth.
Impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on Indian Economy
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) plays a significant role in shaping the economic development of India by providing capital inflows, promoting industrial growth, and enhancing employment opportunities. In the era of globalization, India has emerged as one of the most attractive destinations for foreign investors due to its large consumer market, skilled workforce, and liberalized economic policies. FDI contributes to the development of infrastructure, technology transfer, productivity improvement, and overall economic modernization. the impact of FDI on the Indian economy, focusing on its role in key sectors such as manufacturing, services, information technology, telecommunications, and retail. It highlights how FDI inflows support economic growth by increasing investment levels, improving competitiveness, and encouraging innovation. The research also explores the relationship between FDI and employment generation, as foreign investments often lead to the creation of direct and indirect job opportunities.
“The Importance of the Legal Approach in Socio-Urban Studies”
This research problem addresses the city as a complex space of social, spatial, and legal interactions, arguing that traditional socio-urban studies are no longer sufficient to capture its complexity due to the dominance of mono-disciplinary approaches that separate social analysis from legal dimensions. The study starts from the assumption that law, particularly urban legislation, is not merely a technical regulatory tool, but a key actor in the production of urban space and in the reproduction of spatial inequalities and social relations The relevance of this approach is particularly evident in the Algerian context, where an analysis of Law 90-29 on urban planning and its implementation instruments reveals a significant gap between legal texts and their practical application, as well as weak institutional coordination and sectoral fragmentation. This situation limits the effectiveness of urban law in addressing key urban issues such as informal housing, unplanned urban expansion, and spatial conflicts Accordingly, the study aims to highlight the role of the legal approach within socio-urban analysis and its contribution to understanding urban space organization and achieving sustainable development. It emphasizes the need for an interdisciplinary framework that integrates urban sociology, law, planning, and geography. The study also discusses the main challenges hindering this integration, particularly weak law enforcement and the gap between legislation and reality.
Cybersecurity Challenges in Digital Commerce
Cybersecurity has become a critical concern in the rapidly growing field of digital commerce. With the increasing use of online platforms, e-commerce websites, mobile payment systems, and digital banking services, businesses and consumers are more exposed to cyber threats such as data breaches, phishing attacks, identity theft, ransomware, and financial fraud. As digital transactions continue to expand, ensuring the security and privacy of sensitive information has become essential for maintaining trust and stability in online business environments. the major cybersecurity challenges faced in digital commerce and their impact on businesses and consumers. It highlights how cyberattacks can disrupt business operations, damage brand reputation, and result in financial losses. vulnerabilities in digital payment systems, online marketplaces, cloud storage, and customer databases. In addition, it discusses the growing sophistication of cybercriminals and the evolving nature of cyber threats in the digital economy.
Elder Abuse: A Comparative Review of Definitions, Typologies, and Prevalence in Western, Arab, and Algerian Contexts
Elder abuse is a global public health concern that manifests across diverse cultural, social, and economic contexts. This article provides a comparative review of elder abuse in Western, Arab, and Algerian societies, examining conceptual definitions, typologies, theoretical explanatory models, and prevalence data. The review identifies six primary forms of abuse: physical, psychological, sexual, material and economic, rights violations, and neglect. Three theoretical frameworks are discussed: the psychological model, which emphasizes perpetrator pathology, the social model, which highlights environmental stressors, and the integrative ecological model, which incorporates multiple interacting factors. Empirical findings from Western societies (the United States, Israel, France, Canada, and Japan) are compared with available data from Arab countries (Egypt, Jordan, Sudan, the Gulf States, and Saudi Arabia) and Algeria. The analysis reveals that while elder abuse is documented across all contexts, research in Arab societies remains limited and largely theoretical. The article further examines the Arab Strategy for Older Adults (2019–2029) and relevant international policy frameworks, including the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing (2002). Findings underscore the need for culturally sensitive research approaches and improved data collection to accurately assess the magnitude of elder abuse, particularly in Arab and Algerian contexts, where official statistics may underestimate prevalence due to underreporting.
Role of Accounting Information Systems in Business Management
Accounting Information Systems (AIS) play a significant role in modern business management by collecting, processing, storing, and communicating financial information for decision-making purposes. In today’s competitive and technology-driven business environment, organizations rely heavily on accurate and timely accounting information to manage operations, control resources, and achieve business objectives. An effective Accounting Information System integrates accounting principles with information technology to improve financial reporting, operational efficiency, and managerial performance. the role of Accounting Information Systems in business management and highlights their importance in planning, controlling, decision-making, and organizational coordination. how AIS helps businesses maintain financial records, prepare reports, monitor transactions, manage budgets, and ensure compliance with legal and regulatory requirements. the impact of computerized accounting systems, cloud-based accounting software, and digital technologies on modern business operations.
The Effectiveness of CrossFit Training on Physical Performance in Amateur Youth Football Players
This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of CrossFit training on the physical performance of amateur youth football players over an 8-week intervention period. An experimental design was employed, and the sample consisted of 28 football players. The principal findings demonstrated that CrossFit training exerts a positive influence on both endurance and strength capacities. Specifically, the study concluded that: statistically significant differences exist between pre- and post-test scores in speed endurance and strength tests; and a statistically significant effect was recorded at the 0.05 significance level in speed endurance among football players, as evidenced by the mean scores on endurance and strength tests following the CrossFit intervention.
Online Business Strategies and Small Business Growth
Online business strategies have become an important factor in the growth and success of small businesses in the digital economy. With the rapid development of internet technology, e-commerce platforms, social media marketing, digital payment systems, and online communication tools, small businesses now have greater opportunities to reach customers beyond local markets. Online business strategies help enterprises improve market visibility, customer engagement, operational efficiency, and profitability at relatively lower costs compared to traditional business methods. the role of online business strategies in promoting small business growth and sustainability. It highlights various digital approaches such as e-commerce, social media promotion, search engine optimization, online advertising, email marketing, and customer relationship management. how digital platforms enable small businesses to compete with larger organizations by providing direct access to consumers and global markets.
Narratives of Ancient Persian History: A Comparative Reading of al-Ṭabarī’s History and Herodotus’ Histories
This article offers a comparative reading of the historical approaches adopted by two major historians, al-Ṭabarī and Herodotus, in their treatment of the history of ancient Persia. It focuses on the fundamental differences between the sources on which each historian relied, the purposes informing their respective works, and the chronological periods to which each devoted particular attention. The study seeks to demonstrate how these divergences in sources, aims, and temporal frameworks directly shaped the nature of the historical narrative constructed by each historian, producing distinct visions of Persian history. Despite these differences, the article also examines a significant point of convergence between al-Ṭabarī and Herodotus: the incorporation of myth into historical narration. It argues, however, that the manner in which each historian negotiated the relationship between myth and history differed considerably, reflecting the broader cultural and intellectual contexts from which their works emerged.
Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria: Causes and Control Strategies
Antibiotic resistance has emerged as a critical global health concern, posing significant challenges to the treatment and control of bacterial infections. It occurs when bacteria evolve mechanisms that enable them to survive exposure to antibiotics that were once effective. This study examines the major causes of antibiotic resistance and explores strategies for its control and prevention. The development of antibiotic resistance is primarily driven by factors such as the overuse and misuse of antibiotics in human medicine, agriculture, and animal husbandry. Incomplete treatment courses, self-medication, and the use of antibiotics for non-bacterial infections further accelerate resistance. At the molecular level, bacteria acquire resistance through genetic mutations and horizontal gene transfer mechanisms, including transformation, transduction, and conjugation. The impact of antibiotic resistance on public health, including increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Resistant infections are more difficult to treat, often requiring alternative or more potent drugs with greater side effects.
The Preservаtiоn and Rеstоrаtiоn оf Ancient Manuscripts
The conservation and restoration of manuscripts involves the care and treatment of culturally and historically significant texts to ensure they can be viewed, read, and studied for future generations. This specialized field addresses various challenges, including fragile materials like parchment and palm leaves, flaking pigments, and damage from environmental factors or biological erosion. Conservators employ a range of techniques, from consolidation of flaking media and pulp filling of losses to surface cleaning and the use of specialized adhesives, all aimed at stabilizing the manuscript without causing further harm. Ultimately, these efforts preserve the invaluable information and material heritage contained within these documents.
"Exploring the Role of MicroRNAs in Cancer Progression: A Comprehensive Review"
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as critical regulators of gene expression and key players in cancer progression. This comprehensive review explores the multifaceted roles of miRNAs in cancer biology, including their involvement in tumor initiation, metastasis, angiogenesis, and drug resistance. We summarize the current understanding of miRNA biogenesis, regulation, and function, highlighting their dysregulation in various cancer types and their potential diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic implications. Additionally, we discuss recent advancements in miRNA-based therapies, including miRNA mimics, inhibitors, and delivery strategies, and their translation into clinical applications. By elucidating the complex interplay between miRNAs and cancer progression, this review aims to provide insights into novel therapeutic targets and strategies for the management of cancer.
Social Values for Children in the Digital Age: The Role of the Family from a Thematic Analysis Perspective
The relationship between the family and the child is evolving due to the impact of technology in the digital age, where traditional family interactions are changing, prompting parents to rethink their approach to child development and teaching them how to interact effectively in digital environments, and how this affects their social values. In light of these considerations, this study aims to explore the vital role of the family in shaping social values among children and adolescents within the prevailing digital environment. Digital technology has transformed communication patterns and methods of value transmission, presenting new challenges for families in instilling core values while navigating technological influences. Within the framework of qualitative research and using a case study approach, a study was conducted involving 12 families from diverse social and economic backgrounds. Data collection methods included in-depth interviews and observations, and the data were analyzed through thematic analysis. We hope that the results will contribute to a better understanding of how to empower families to navigate effectively the challenges posed by digital technology, while enhancing resilience and moral value-based behavior...
Exploring the Frontiers of Modern Biology: Integrative Approaches and Emerging Trends
Modern biology is undergoing a profound transformation driven by rapid technological advancements and interdisciplinary integration. This paper explores the evolving landscape of biological sciences, emphasizing the convergence of molecular biology, computational tools, and systems-level approaches. Emerging fields such as genomics, proteomics, bioinformatics, and synthetic biology have significantly enhanced our understanding of complex biological systems. The integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning has further accelerated discoveries in disease diagnosis, drug development, and personalized medicine. Additionally, the study highlights the growing importance of environmental and ecological perspectives in addressing global challenges such as climate change, biodiversity loss, and public health crises. By examining recent trends and innovations, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of how integrative approaches are shaping the future of biology and redefining scientific inquiry in the 21st century.
Social Intelligence in the Context of Digital Transformation Among Female Students at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of M'sila: A Comparative Study
This study aimed to investigate the level of digital social intelligence among female students at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of M'sila, Algeria, and to examine whether this level varies according to two variables: academic specialization (Psychology vs. Media and Communication Sciences) and daily Internet usage hours. The study employed a descriptive-comparative design and was applied to a randomly selected sample of 80 second-year female students. Data were collected using a researcher-constructed scale comprising 35 items distributed across three dimensions: digital social awareness, digital relationship management, and digital empathy and emotional responsiveness, following thorough verification of the instrument's validity and reliability. To address the study questions, data were analyzed using SPSS through a one-sample t-test, an independent-samples t-test, and one-way ANOVA. The findings yielded three principal results. First, participants demonstrated a high level of digital social intelligence, with an overall mean score of 80.94 that significantly exceeded the hypothetical mean of 70. Second, statistically significant differences were identified in favor of Psychology students (M = 83.20) over Media and Communication students (M = 78.03) at the 0.01 significance level, a finding attributed to the nature of specialized academic formation and the depth of training in interpersonal communication skills. Third, no significant differences were found based on daily Internet usage hours (F = 0.07, p = .93), suggesting that the quality, rather than the quantity, of digital engagement is the primary determinant of digital social intelligence.
"Exploring the Impact of Climate Change on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services"
Changes in climate are one of the most serious global concerns of the 21st century, and they have substantial implications for the services that ecosystems provide and the biodiversity that they support. Changes in weather patterns and the occurrence of extreme events are becoming more often as global temperatures continue to rise, which disrupts the delicate balance that exists within ecosystems. an examination of the effects of climate change on biodiversity, with particular attention paid to the repercussions of habitat destruction, the migration of species, and the disturbance of ecological interconnections. In addition, the ways in which these alterations influence vital ecosystem services, such as pollination, water purification, and carbon sequestration, which are essential for the well-being of humans and the stability of natural systems. This research shows the cascading consequences of climate change on ecosystems and the services that they supply by conducting a review of the available literature and case studies. In addition to this, it addresses the possibilities for mitigation and adaptation methods to protect biodiversity and guarantee the continuous provision of ecosystem services in a world that is undergoing fast change. In order to meet the difficulties that are faced by climate change and to protect the ecological basis of life on Earth, the findings highlight the urgent need for global conservation efforts and sustainable behaviours.
Women’s Professional Empowerment Between Gender Marketing Efforts and the Reality of Social Constraints
Women’s professional empowerment is considered one of the fundamental pillars of contemporary human and societal development issues, as it represents a genuine indicator of societies’ progress in achieving the principles of social justice and gender equality. With the economic and social transformations witnessed worldwide, women’s participation in the labor market has become not merely a social option but a developmental necessity. This has led to the emergence of new conceptual approaches, most notably gender marketing, which seeks to promote a positive image of working women and highlight their professional competencies in order to challenge traditional stereotypes associated with their social roles. Gender marketing strategies aim to reshape social representations of women through media campaigns, motivational programs, and institutional initiatives that emphasize women’s achievements and their effective contribution to economic and social development. However, these efforts face several challenges that limit their actual impact due to persistent social and cultural barriers, such as patriarchal mentality, implicit discrimination within workplaces, weak family and societal support, in addition to the limited institutional policies ensuring real equality in wages and leadership representation. Moreover, some marketing approaches tend to focus more on the promotional dimension than on structural change, making the representation of women in the media closer to symbolic beautification than to genuine recognition of their professional capabilities. Therefore, this study raises a central question regarding the effectiveness of gender marketing in achieving genuine professional empowerment for women and the extent to which it aligns with the social and cultural contexts that define women’s roles in society. This study analyzes the dialectical relationship between gender marketing efforts as a tool for social change and the restrictive social reality governing women’s representations and professional status. It also proposes practical approaches to strengthen authentic empowerment, including the development of public policies supporting equality in the labor market, the integration of the gender dimension into institutional strategic planning, the reinforcement of professional support and mentoring culture for women, and the revision of media discourse to reflect an objective image of working women. Women’s professional empowerment cannot be achieved solely through marketing campaigns; rather, it requires a shared institutional and societal commitment to reconstructing collective awareness regarding women’s roles and ensuring their active participation in economic, social, and political fields, thereby consolidating a culture of justice and integration within sustainable development.
"The Physiological Basis of Hibernation in Mammals"
Hibernation is a complicated physiological adaptation that allows mammals, especially those living in temperate and polar regions, to survive for extended periods of time when food is few and the environment is harsh. In order to store energy reserves for the winter, animals enter a state of deep metabolic suppression known as hibernation. This state is characterized by a synchronized decrease in body temperature, heart rate, respiration rate, and total energy expenditure. Complex molecular, cellular, and systemic regulatory mechanisms underpin hibernation's physiological basis. These mechanisms include changes in metabolic fuel utilization from carbohydrates to lipids, modulation of mitochondrial function, and suppression of non-essential physiological processes. The hypothalamus, thyroid hormones, and melatonin are all important neuroendocrine regulators that help start and keep torpor states going. The underlying causes of periodic arousals, which are necessary for the maintenance of brain and immunological functions and are characterized by the transient restoration of euthermic circumstances, are only partially understood. In order to prevent tissue damage during cycles of hypothermia and rewarming, hibernation entails reversible changes in gene expression, protein synthesis, and neuroprotection. This finding has important biological implications for organ preservation, hypothermia therapy, and space travel. examines the physiological processes that cause mammals to hibernate, delves into the adaptive value of this phenomenon, and discusses new viewpoints on how it relates to human health and biomedical advancements.
Artificial Intelligence: From Conceptual Disruption to the Disruption of Life
University and academic research today is scarcely devoid of studies devoted to artificial intelligence. This is because scientific development no longer merely serves human beings; rather, the technological explosion embodied in a revolution termed “artificial intelligence” has affected every field of knowledge, every sphere of life, and, consequently, every segment of society. This reality has led us, at the outset, to question the concept itself. We do not seek to offer a single, definitive definition; rather, we endeavour to establish a conceptual framework that enables us to identify what we are confronting and to understand the dynamic linguistic field surrounding it. If artificial intelligence is grounded in ordinary language to transform it into another universal language, namely, digital language, how does this mechanism operate? If its spread has taken the form and speed described above, what should human beings do, and how should they act?
"Advances in CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing Technology: Applications in Biomedicine and Beyond"
CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology has revolutionized the field of biomedicine and beyond, offering unprecedented precision and efficiency in genome editing. This review provides an overview of recent advances in CRISPR-Cas9 technology and its applications across diverse fields, including biomedicine, agriculture, and synthetic biology. We discuss the underlying principles of CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing, including Cas9 nuclease activity and guide RNA design, and highlight key technological improvements that have enhanced its versatility and utility. Furthermore, we explore the wide range of applications of CRISPR-Cas9 technology, from precise genome editing in human cells and model organisms to targeted gene regulation and epigenome editing. Additionally, we discuss the challenges and ethical considerations associated with CRISPR-Cas9 technology, including off-target effects, delivery methods, and concerns about genome editing in human embryos. Overall, CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology holds immense promise for advancing our understanding of biology, treating genetic diseases, and engineering organisms for various applications, while also raising important ethical and societal questions that must be addressed.