Comparative Study of Amphibian Population Decline and Environmental Stress Factors

Abstract

Amphibians are among the most threatened vertebrate groups globally, with widespread population declines reported across diverse geographic regions. Their permeable skin, biphasic life cycle, and reliance on both aquatic and terrestrial habitats make them particularly sensitive to environmental changes. a comparative analysis of amphibian population decline in relation to key environmental stress factors, including habitat destruction, climate change, pollution, emerging infectious diseases, and invasive species. Data compiled from long-term field surveys and ecological assessments reveal that habitat fragmentation and wetland degradation remain primary drivers of population loss. Agricultural expansion, urbanization, and deforestation have significantly reduced breeding sites and disrupted migratory pathways. Climate variability, including altered rainfall patterns and temperature fluctuations, further affects reproductive timing, larval development, and survival rates. In addition, contamination from pesticides, heavy metals, and endocrine-disrupting chemicals has been linked to developmental abnormalities and reduced immune competence. Emerging infectious diseases, particularly chytridiomycosis caused by fungal pathogens, have contributed to rapid declines in several species, especially in high-altitude and tropical regions. The interaction between disease dynamics and environmental stress appears to intensify mortality rates. Comparative evaluation indicates that species with restricted geographic ranges and specialized habitat requirements are at greater risk than generalist species. the multifactorial nature of amphibian declines and emphasize the need for integrated conservation strategies. Habitat restoration, pollution control, disease monitoring, and climate adaptation measures are essential to mitigate further biodiversity loss. Understanding the combined effects of environmental stressors is crucial for preserving amphibian diversity and maintaining ecosystem stability.