Foundations of Criminal Liability in the Context of Digital Transformation: A Comparative Study

Abstract

Criminal liability has historically rested on the idea of a human actor who bears the consequences of voluntary conduct. The digital revolution driven by artificial intelligence has altered this premise. Intelligent systems can now affect individuals and societies without direct human intervention. New forms of crime involving these entities therefore challenge traditional legal systems. Such offences require a sound understanding of emerging technologies and how they operate. Traditional frameworks have shown clear limits when conduct is generated by self-learning systems. Legislation must consequently remain flexible and responsive to rapid technological change. It must also maintain a fair balance between innovation and legal responsibility.